Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can target other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB remains a significant public health concern in Ghana and other parts of Africa.
Causes
TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The infection spreads through the air when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. Close, prolonged contact with an infected individual increases the risk of transmission.
It is important to note that not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. People with latent TB infection carry the bacteria without showing symptoms and cannot spread the disease, but they may develop active TB later if their immune system weakens.
Symptoms
Symptoms of active TB include:
- Persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, sometimes with blood-tinged sputum
- Fever, chills, and night sweats
- Fatigue and unexplained weight loss
- Chest pain and shortness of breath
- Loss of appetite
TB that affects other parts of the body may cause additional symptoms, depending on the organ involved.
Prevention
Preventing TB involves a combination of vaccination, early detection, and good hygiene practices:
- BCG Vaccination: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to infants to provide protection against severe forms of TB in children.
- Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Individuals showing symptoms should seek medical attention immediately to reduce the spread of TB.
- Infection Control: Covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, ensuring proper ventilation in homes and workplaces, and avoiding close contact with people showing TB symptoms.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a strong immune system through proper nutrition, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol can reduce susceptibility to TB.
Treatment and Outlook
TB is treatable and curable with a combination of antibiotics taken for at least six months under strict medical supervision. Incomplete or irregular treatment can lead to drug-resistant TB, which is more difficult and costly to treat.
The Ghana Health Service continues to run TB screening, treatment, and awareness programs nationwide. Public vigilance, early medical consultation, and adherence to treatment protocols remain key to controlling TB and preventing its spread in communities.
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